psiphon-tunnel-core/psiphon/server/api.go

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2016, Psiphon Inc.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 *
 */

package server

import (
	"crypto/subtle"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"net"
	"regexp"
	"runtime/debug"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"unicode"

	"github.com/Psiphon-Labs/psiphon-tunnel-core/psiphon/common"
	"github.com/Psiphon-Labs/psiphon-tunnel-core/psiphon/common/protocol"
	"github.com/Psiphon-Labs/psiphon-tunnel-core/psiphon/common/tactics"
)

const (
	MAX_API_PARAMS_SIZE = 256 * 1024 // 256KB

	CLIENT_PLATFORM_ANDROID = "Android"
	CLIENT_PLATFORM_WINDOWS = "Windows"
	CLIENT_PLATFORM_IOS     = "iOS"
)

// sshAPIRequestHandler routes Psiphon API requests transported as
// JSON objects via the SSH request mechanism.
//
// The API request handlers, handshakeAPIRequestHandler, etc., are
// reused by webServer which offers the Psiphon API via web transport.
//
// The API request parameters and event log values follow the legacy
// psi_web protocol and naming conventions. The API is compatible with
// all tunnel-core clients but are not backwards compatible with all
// legacy clients.
//
func sshAPIRequestHandler(
	support *SupportServices,
	geoIPData GeoIPData,
	authorizedAccessTypes []string,
	name string,
	requestPayload []byte) ([]byte, error) {

	// Notes:
	//
	// - For SSH requests, MAX_API_PARAMS_SIZE is implicitly enforced
	//   by max SSH request packet size.
	//
	// - The param protocol.PSIPHON_API_HANDSHAKE_AUTHORIZATIONS is an
	//   array of base64-encoded strings; the base64 representation should
	//   not be decoded to []byte values. The default behavior of
	//   https://golang.org/pkg/encoding/json/#Unmarshal for a target of
	//   type map[string]interface{} will unmarshal a base64-encoded string
	//   to a string, not a decoded []byte, as required.

	var params common.APIParameters
	err := json.Unmarshal(requestPayload, &params)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, common.ContextError(
			fmt.Errorf("invalid payload for request name: %s: %s", name, err))
	}

	return dispatchAPIRequestHandler(
		support,
		protocol.PSIPHON_SSH_API_PROTOCOL,
		geoIPData,
		authorizedAccessTypes,
		name,
		params)
}

// dispatchAPIRequestHandler is the common dispatch point for both
// web and SSH API requests.
func dispatchAPIRequestHandler(
	support *SupportServices,
	apiProtocol string,
	geoIPData GeoIPData,
	authorizedAccessTypes []string,
	name string,
	params common.APIParameters) (response []byte, reterr error) {

	// Recover from and log any unexpected panics caused by user input
	// handling bugs. User inputs should be properly validated; this
	// mechanism is only a last resort to prevent the process from
	// terminating in the case of a bug.
	defer func() {
		if e := recover(); e != nil {
			if intentionalPanic, ok := e.(IntentionalPanicError); ok {
				panic(intentionalPanic)
			} else {
				log.LogPanicRecover(e, debug.Stack())
				reterr = common.ContextError(errors.New("request handler panic"))
			}
		}
	}()

	// Before invoking the handlers, enforce some preconditions:
	//
	// - A handshake request must precede any other requests.
	// - When the handshake results in a traffic rules state where
	//   the client is immediately exhausted, no requests
	//   may succeed. This case ensures that blocked clients do
	//   not log "connected", etc.
	//
	// Only one handshake request may be made. There is no check here
	// to enforce that handshakeAPIRequestHandler will be called at
	// most once. The SetHandshakeState call in handshakeAPIRequestHandler
	// enforces that only a single handshake is made; enforcing that there
	// ensures no race condition even if concurrent requests are
	// in flight.

	if name != protocol.PSIPHON_API_HANDSHAKE_REQUEST_NAME {

		// TODO: same session-ID-lookup TODO in handshakeAPIRequestHandler
		// applies here.

		sessionID, err := getStringRequestParam(params, "client_session_id")
		if err == nil {
			// Note: follows/duplicates baseRequestParams validation
			if !isHexDigits(support.Config, sessionID) {
				err = errors.New("invalid param: client_session_id")
			}
		}
		if err != nil {
			return nil, common.ContextError(err)
		}

		completed, exhausted, err := support.TunnelServer.GetClientHandshaked(sessionID)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, common.ContextError(err)
		}
		if !completed {
			return nil, common.ContextError(errors.New("handshake not completed"))
		}
		if exhausted {
			return nil, common.ContextError(errors.New("exhausted after handshake"))
		}
	}

	switch name {
	case protocol.PSIPHON_API_HANDSHAKE_REQUEST_NAME:
		return handshakeAPIRequestHandler(support, apiProtocol, geoIPData, params)
	case protocol.PSIPHON_API_CONNECTED_REQUEST_NAME:
		return connectedAPIRequestHandler(support, geoIPData, authorizedAccessTypes, params)
	case protocol.PSIPHON_API_STATUS_REQUEST_NAME:
		return statusAPIRequestHandler(support, geoIPData, authorizedAccessTypes, params)
	case protocol.PSIPHON_API_CLIENT_VERIFICATION_REQUEST_NAME:
		return clientVerificationAPIRequestHandler(support, geoIPData, authorizedAccessTypes, params)
	}

	return nil, common.ContextError(fmt.Errorf("invalid request name: %s", name))
}

var handshakeRequestParams = append(
	append([]requestParamSpec(nil), tacticsParams...),
	baseRequestParams...)

// handshakeAPIRequestHandler implements the "handshake" API request.
// Clients make the handshake immediately after establishing a tunnel
// connection; the response tells the client what homepage to open, what
// stats to record, etc.
func handshakeAPIRequestHandler(
	support *SupportServices,
	apiProtocol string,
	geoIPData GeoIPData,
	params common.APIParameters) ([]byte, error) {

	// Note: ignoring "known_servers" params

	err := validateRequestParams(support.Config, params, baseRequestParams)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, common.ContextError(err)
	}

	sessionID, _ := getStringRequestParam(params, "client_session_id")
	sponsorID, _ := getStringRequestParam(params, "sponsor_id")
	clientVersion, _ := getStringRequestParam(params, "client_version")
	clientPlatform, _ := getStringRequestParam(params, "client_platform")
	isMobile := isMobileClientPlatform(clientPlatform)
	normalizedPlatform := normalizeClientPlatform(clientPlatform)

	var authorizations []string
	if params[protocol.PSIPHON_API_HANDSHAKE_AUTHORIZATIONS] != nil {
		authorizations, err = getStringArrayRequestParam(params, protocol.PSIPHON_API_HANDSHAKE_AUTHORIZATIONS)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, common.ContextError(err)
		}
	}

	// Note: no guarantee that PsinetDatabase won't reload between database calls
	db := support.PsinetDatabase

	httpsRequestRegexes := db.GetHttpsRequestRegexes(sponsorID)

	// Flag the SSH client as having completed its handshake. This
	// may reselect traffic rules and starts allowing port forwards.

	// TODO: in the case of SSH API requests, the actual sshClient could
	// be passed in and used here. The session ID lookup is only strictly
	// necessary to support web API requests.
	activeAuthorizationIDs, authorizedAccessTypes, err := support.TunnelServer.SetClientHandshakeState(
		sessionID,
		handshakeState{
			completed:         true,
			apiProtocol:       apiProtocol,
			apiParams:         copyBaseRequestParams(params),
			expectDomainBytes: len(httpsRequestRegexes) > 0,
		},
		authorizations)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, common.ContextError(err)
	}

	tacticsPayload, err := support.TacticsServer.GetTacticsPayload(
		common.GeoIPData(geoIPData), params)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, common.ContextError(err)
	}

	var marshaledTacticsPayload []byte

	if tacticsPayload != nil {

		marshaledTacticsPayload, err = json.Marshal(tacticsPayload)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, common.ContextError(err)
		}

		// Log a metric when new tactics are issued. Logging here indicates that
		// the handshake tactics mechansim is active; but logging for every
		// handshake creates unneccesary log data.

		if len(tacticsPayload.Tactics) > 0 {

			logFields := getRequestLogFields(
				tactics.TACTICS_METRIC_EVENT_NAME,
				geoIPData,
				authorizedAccessTypes,
				params,
				handshakeRequestParams)

			logFields[tactics.NEW_TACTICS_TAG_LOG_FIELD_NAME] = tacticsPayload.Tag
			logFields[tactics.IS_TACTICS_REQUEST_LOG_FIELD_NAME] = false

			log.LogRawFieldsWithTimestamp(logFields)
		}
	}

	// The log comes _after_ SetClientHandshakeState, in case that call rejects
	// the state change (for example, if a second handshake is performed)
	//
	// The handshake event is no longer shipped to log consumers, so this is
	// simply a diagnostic log.

	log.WithContextFields(
		getRequestLogFields(
			"",
			geoIPData,
			authorizedAccessTypes,
			params,
			baseRequestParams)).Info("handshake")

	handshakeResponse := protocol.HandshakeResponse{
		SSHSessionID:           sessionID,
		Homepages:              db.GetRandomizedHomepages(sponsorID, geoIPData.Country, isMobile),
		UpgradeClientVersion:   db.GetUpgradeClientVersion(clientVersion, normalizedPlatform),
		PageViewRegexes:        make([]map[string]string, 0),
		HttpsRequestRegexes:    httpsRequestRegexes,
		EncodedServerList:      db.DiscoverServers(geoIPData.DiscoveryValue),
		ClientRegion:           geoIPData.Country,
		ServerTimestamp:        common.GetCurrentTimestamp(),
		ActiveAuthorizationIDs: activeAuthorizationIDs,
		TacticsPayload:         marshaledTacticsPayload,
	}

	responsePayload, err := json.Marshal(handshakeResponse)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, common.ContextError(err)
	}

	return responsePayload, nil
}

var connectedRequestParams = append(
	[]requestParamSpec{
		{"session_id", isHexDigits, 0},
		{"last_connected", isLastConnected, 0},
		{"establishment_duration", isIntString, requestParamOptional}},
	baseRequestParams...)

// connectedAPIRequestHandler implements the "connected" API request.
// Clients make the connected request once a tunnel connection has been
// established and at least once per day. The last_connected input value,
// which should be a connected_timestamp output from a previous connected
// response, is used to calculate unique user stats.
// connected_timestamp is truncated as a privacy measure.
func connectedAPIRequestHandler(
	support *SupportServices,
	geoIPData GeoIPData,
	authorizedAccessTypes []string,
	params common.APIParameters) ([]byte, error) {

	err := validateRequestParams(support.Config, params, connectedRequestParams)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, common.ContextError(err)
	}

	log.LogRawFieldsWithTimestamp(
		getRequestLogFields(
			"connected",
			geoIPData,
			authorizedAccessTypes,
			params,
			connectedRequestParams))

	connectedResponse := protocol.ConnectedResponse{
		ConnectedTimestamp: common.TruncateTimestampToHour(common.GetCurrentTimestamp()),
	}

	responsePayload, err := json.Marshal(connectedResponse)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, common.ContextError(err)
	}

	return responsePayload, nil
}

var statusRequestParams = append(
	[]requestParamSpec{
		{"session_id", isHexDigits, 0},
		{"connected", isBooleanFlag, 0}},
	baseRequestParams...)

// statusAPIRequestHandler implements the "status" API request.
// Clients make periodic status requests which deliver client-side
// recorded data transfer and tunnel duration stats.
// Note from psi_web implementation: no input validation on domains;
// any string is accepted (regex transform may result in arbitrary
// string). Stats processor must handle this input with care.
func statusAPIRequestHandler(
	support *SupportServices,
	geoIPData GeoIPData,
	authorizedAccessTypes []string,
	params common.APIParameters) ([]byte, error) {

	err := validateRequestParams(support.Config, params, statusRequestParams)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, common.ContextError(err)
	}

	sessionID, _ := getStringRequestParam(params, "client_session_id")

	statusData, err := getJSONObjectRequestParam(params, "statusData")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, common.ContextError(err)
	}

	// Logs are queued until the input is fully validated. Otherwise, stats
	// could be double counted if the client has a bug in its request
	// formatting: partial stats would be logged (counted), the request would
	// fail, and clients would then resend all the same stats again.

	logQueue := make([]LogFields, 0)

	// Domain bytes transferred stats
	// Older clients may not submit this data

	// Clients are expected to send host_bytes/domain_bytes stats only when
	// configured to do so in the handshake reponse. Legacy clients may still
	// report "(OTHER)" host_bytes when no regexes are set. Drop those stats.
	domainBytesExpected, err := support.TunnelServer.ExpectClientDomainBytes(sessionID)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, common.ContextError(err)
	}

	if domainBytesExpected && statusData["host_bytes"] != nil {

		hostBytes, err := getMapStringInt64RequestParam(statusData, "host_bytes")
		if err != nil {
			return nil, common.ContextError(err)
		}
		for domain, bytes := range hostBytes {

			domainBytesFields := getRequestLogFields(
				"domain_bytes",
				geoIPData,
				authorizedAccessTypes,
				params,
				statusRequestParams)

			domainBytesFields["domain"] = domain
			domainBytesFields["bytes"] = bytes

			logQueue = append(logQueue, domainBytesFields)
		}
	}

	// Remote server list download stats
	// Older clients may not submit this data

	if statusData["remote_server_list_stats"] != nil {

		remoteServerListStats, err := getJSONObjectArrayRequestParam(statusData, "remote_server_list_stats")
		if err != nil {
			return nil, common.ContextError(err)
		}
		for _, remoteServerListStat := range remoteServerListStats {

			remoteServerListFields := getRequestLogFields(
				"remote_server_list",
				geoIPData,
				authorizedAccessTypes,
				params,
				statusRequestParams)

			clientDownloadTimestamp, err := getStringRequestParam(remoteServerListStat, "client_download_timestamp")
			if err != nil {
				return nil, common.ContextError(err)
			}
			remoteServerListFields["client_download_timestamp"] = clientDownloadTimestamp

			url, err := getStringRequestParam(remoteServerListStat, "url")
			if err != nil {
				return nil, common.ContextError(err)
			}
			remoteServerListFields["url"] = url

			etag, err := getStringRequestParam(remoteServerListStat, "etag")
			if err != nil {
				return nil, common.ContextError(err)
			}
			remoteServerListFields["etag"] = etag

			logQueue = append(logQueue, remoteServerListFields)
		}
	}

	for _, logItem := range logQueue {
		log.LogRawFieldsWithTimestamp(logItem)
	}

	return make([]byte, 0), nil
}

// clientVerificationAPIRequestHandler is just a compliance stub
// for older Android clients that still send verification requests
func clientVerificationAPIRequestHandler(
	support *SupportServices,
	geoIPData GeoIPData,
	authorizedAccessTypes []string,
	params common.APIParameters) ([]byte, error) {
	return make([]byte, 0), nil
}

var tacticsParams = []requestParamSpec{
	{tactics.STORED_TACTICS_TAG_PARAMETER_NAME, isAnyString, requestParamOptional},
	{tactics.SPEED_TEST_SAMPLES_PARAMETER_NAME, nil, requestParamOptional | requestParamJSON},
}

var tacticsRequestParams = append(
	append([]requestParamSpec(nil), tacticsParams...),
	baseRequestParams...)

func getTacticsAPIParameterValidator(config *Config) common.APIParameterValidator {
	return func(params common.APIParameters) error {
		return validateRequestParams(config, params, tacticsRequestParams)
	}
}

func getTacticsAPIParameterLogFieldFormatter() common.APIParameterLogFieldFormatter {

	return func(geoIPData common.GeoIPData, params common.APIParameters) common.LogFields {

		logFields := getRequestLogFields(
			tactics.TACTICS_METRIC_EVENT_NAME,
			GeoIPData(geoIPData),
			nil, // authorizedAccessTypes are not known yet
			params,
			tacticsRequestParams)

		return common.LogFields(logFields)
	}
}

type requestParamSpec struct {
	name      string
	validator func(*Config, string) bool
	flags     uint32
}

const (
	requestParamOptional  = 1
	requestParamNotLogged = 2
	requestParamArray     = 4
	requestParamJSON      = 8
)

// baseRequestParams is the list of required and optional
// request parameters; derived from COMMON_INPUTS and
// OPTIONAL_COMMON_INPUTS in psi_web.
// Each param is expected to be a string, unless requestParamArray
// is specified, in which case an array of string is expected.
var baseRequestParams = []requestParamSpec{
	{"server_secret", isServerSecret, requestParamNotLogged},
	{"client_session_id", isHexDigits, requestParamNotLogged},
	{"propagation_channel_id", isHexDigits, 0},
	{"sponsor_id", isHexDigits, 0},
	{"client_version", isIntString, 0},
	{"client_platform", isClientPlatform, 0},
	{"client_build_rev", isHexDigits, requestParamOptional},
	{"relay_protocol", isRelayProtocol, 0},
	{"tunnel_whole_device", isBooleanFlag, requestParamOptional},
	{"device_region", isAnyString, requestParamOptional},
	{"ssh_client_version", isAnyString, requestParamOptional},
	{"upstream_proxy_type", isUpstreamProxyType, requestParamOptional},
	{"upstream_proxy_custom_header_names", isAnyString, requestParamOptional | requestParamArray},
	{"meek_dial_address", isDialAddress, requestParamOptional},
	{"meek_resolved_ip_address", isIPAddress, requestParamOptional},
	{"meek_sni_server_name", isDomain, requestParamOptional},
	{"meek_host_header", isHostHeader, requestParamOptional},
	{"meek_transformed_host_name", isBooleanFlag, requestParamOptional},
	{"user_agent", isAnyString, requestParamOptional},
	{"tls_profile", isAnyString, requestParamOptional},
	{"server_entry_region", isRegionCode, requestParamOptional},
	{"server_entry_source", isServerEntrySource, requestParamOptional},
	{"server_entry_timestamp", isISO8601Date, requestParamOptional},
	{tactics.APPLIED_TACTICS_TAG_PARAMETER_NAME, isAnyString, requestParamOptional},
}

func validateRequestParams(
	config *Config,
	params common.APIParameters,
	expectedParams []requestParamSpec) error {

	for _, expectedParam := range expectedParams {
		value := params[expectedParam.name]
		if value == nil {
			if expectedParam.flags&requestParamOptional != 0 {
				continue
			}
			return common.ContextError(
				fmt.Errorf("missing param: %s", expectedParam.name))
		}
		var err error
		switch {
		case expectedParam.flags&requestParamArray != 0:
			err = validateStringArrayRequestParam(config, expectedParam, value)
		case expectedParam.flags&requestParamJSON != 0:
			// No validation: the JSON already unmarshalled; the parameter
			// user will validate that the JSON contains the expected
			// objects/data.

			// TODO: without validation, any valid JSON will be logged
			// by getRequestLogFields, even if the parameter user validates
			// and rejects the parameter.

		default:
			err = validateStringRequestParam(config, expectedParam, value)
		}
		if err != nil {
			return common.ContextError(err)
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// copyBaseRequestParams makes a copy of the params which
// includes only the baseRequestParams.
func copyBaseRequestParams(params common.APIParameters) common.APIParameters {

	// Note: not a deep copy; assumes baseRequestParams values
	// are all scalar types (int, string, etc.)

	paramsCopy := make(common.APIParameters)
	for _, baseParam := range baseRequestParams {
		value := params[baseParam.name]
		if value == nil {
			continue
		}

		paramsCopy[baseParam.name] = value
	}

	return paramsCopy
}

func validateStringRequestParam(
	config *Config,
	expectedParam requestParamSpec,
	value interface{}) error {

	strValue, ok := value.(string)
	if !ok {
		return common.ContextError(
			fmt.Errorf("unexpected string param type: %s", expectedParam.name))
	}
	if !expectedParam.validator(config, strValue) {
		return common.ContextError(
			fmt.Errorf("invalid param: %s: %s", expectedParam.name, strValue))
	}
	return nil
}

func validateStringArrayRequestParam(
	config *Config,
	expectedParam requestParamSpec,
	value interface{}) error {

	arrayValue, ok := value.([]interface{})
	if !ok {
		return common.ContextError(
			fmt.Errorf("unexpected string param type: %s", expectedParam.name))
	}
	for _, value := range arrayValue {
		err := validateStringRequestParam(config, expectedParam, value)
		if err != nil {
			return common.ContextError(err)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// getRequestLogFields makes LogFields to log the API event following
// the legacy psi_web and current ELK naming conventions.
func getRequestLogFields(
	eventName string,
	geoIPData GeoIPData,
	authorizedAccessTypes []string,
	params common.APIParameters,
	expectedParams []requestParamSpec) LogFields {

	logFields := make(LogFields)

	if eventName != "" {
		logFields["event_name"] = eventName
	}

	// In psi_web, the space replacement was done to accommodate space
	// delimited logging, which is no longer required; we retain the
	// transformation so that stats aggregation isn't impacted.
	logFields["client_region"] = strings.Replace(geoIPData.Country, " ", "_", -1)
	logFields["client_city"] = strings.Replace(geoIPData.City, " ", "_", -1)
	logFields["client_isp"] = strings.Replace(geoIPData.ISP, " ", "_", -1)

	if len(authorizedAccessTypes) > 0 {
		logFields["authorized_access_types"] = authorizedAccessTypes
	}

	if params == nil {
		return logFields
	}

	for _, expectedParam := range expectedParams {

		if expectedParam.flags&requestParamNotLogged != 0 {
			continue
		}

		value := params[expectedParam.name]
		if value == nil {

			// Special case: older clients don't send this value,
			// so log a default.
			if expectedParam.name == "tunnel_whole_device" {
				value = "0"
			} else {
				// Skip omitted, optional params
				continue
			}
		}

		switch v := value.(type) {
		case string:
			strValue := v

			// Special cases:
			// - Number fields are encoded as integer types.
			// - For ELK performance we record certain domain-or-IP
			//   fields as one of two different values based on type;
			//   we also omit port from these host:port fields for now.
			// - Boolean fields that come into the api as "1"/"0"
			//   must be logged as actual boolean values
			switch expectedParam.name {
			case "client_version", "establishment_duration":
				intValue, _ := strconv.Atoi(strValue)
				logFields[expectedParam.name] = intValue
			case "meek_dial_address":
				host, _, _ := net.SplitHostPort(strValue)
				if isIPAddress(nil, host) {
					logFields["meek_dial_ip_address"] = host
				} else {
					logFields["meek_dial_domain"] = host
				}
			case "upstream_proxy_type":
				// Submitted value could be e.g., "SOCKS5" or "socks5"; log lowercase
				logFields[expectedParam.name] = strings.ToLower(strValue)
			case tactics.SPEED_TEST_SAMPLES_PARAMETER_NAME:
				// Due to a client bug, clients may deliever an incorrect ""
				// value for speed_test_samples via the web API protocol. Omit
				// the field in this case.
			case "tunnel_whole_device", "meek_transformed_host_name", "connected":
				// Submitted value could be "0" or "1"
				// "0" and non "0"/"1" values should be transformed to false
				// "1" should be transformed to true

				if strValue == "1" {
					logFields[expectedParam.name] = true
				} else {
					logFields[expectedParam.name] = false
				}
			default:
				logFields[expectedParam.name] = strValue
			}

		case []interface{}:
			if expectedParam.name == tactics.SPEED_TEST_SAMPLES_PARAMETER_NAME {
				logFields[expectedParam.name] = makeSpeedTestSamplesLogField(v)
			} else {
				logFields[expectedParam.name] = v
			}

		default:
			logFields[expectedParam.name] = v
		}
	}

	return logFields
}

// makeSpeedTestSamplesLogField renames the tactics.SpeedTestSample json tag
// fields to more verbose names for metrics.
func makeSpeedTestSamplesLogField(samples []interface{}) []interface{} {
	// TODO: use reflection and add additional tags, e.g.,
	// `json:"s" log:"timestamp"` to remove hard-coded
	// tag value dependency?
	logSamples := make([]interface{}, len(samples))
	for i, sample := range samples {
		logSample := make(map[string]interface{})
		if m, ok := sample.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
			for k, v := range m {
				logK := k
				switch k {
				case "s":
					logK = "timestamp"
				case "r":
					logK = "server_region"
				case "p":
					logK = "relay_protocol"
				case "t":
					logK = "round_trip_time_ms"
				case "u":
					logK = "bytes_up"
				case "d":
					logK = "bytes_down"
				}
				logSample[logK] = v
			}
		}
		logSamples[i] = logSample
	}
	return logSamples
}

func getStringRequestParam(params common.APIParameters, name string) (string, error) {
	if params[name] == nil {
		return "", common.ContextError(fmt.Errorf("missing param: %s", name))
	}
	value, ok := params[name].(string)
	if !ok {
		return "", common.ContextError(fmt.Errorf("invalid param: %s", name))
	}
	return value, nil
}

func getInt64RequestParam(params common.APIParameters, name string) (int64, error) {
	if params[name] == nil {
		return 0, common.ContextError(fmt.Errorf("missing param: %s", name))
	}
	value, ok := params[name].(float64)
	if !ok {
		return 0, common.ContextError(fmt.Errorf("invalid param: %s", name))
	}
	return int64(value), nil
}

func getJSONObjectRequestParam(params common.APIParameters, name string) (common.APIParameters, error) {
	if params[name] == nil {
		return nil, common.ContextError(fmt.Errorf("missing param: %s", name))
	}
	// Note: generic unmarshal of JSON produces map[string]interface{}, not common.APIParameters
	value, ok := params[name].(map[string]interface{})
	if !ok {
		return nil, common.ContextError(fmt.Errorf("invalid param: %s", name))
	}
	return common.APIParameters(value), nil
}

func getJSONObjectArrayRequestParam(params common.APIParameters, name string) ([]common.APIParameters, error) {
	if params[name] == nil {
		return nil, common.ContextError(fmt.Errorf("missing param: %s", name))
	}
	value, ok := params[name].([]interface{})
	if !ok {
		return nil, common.ContextError(fmt.Errorf("invalid param: %s", name))
	}

	result := make([]common.APIParameters, len(value))
	for i, item := range value {
		// Note: generic unmarshal of JSON produces map[string]interface{}, not common.APIParameters
		resultItem, ok := item.(map[string]interface{})
		if !ok {
			return nil, common.ContextError(fmt.Errorf("invalid param: %s", name))
		}
		result[i] = common.APIParameters(resultItem)
	}

	return result, nil
}

func getMapStringInt64RequestParam(params common.APIParameters, name string) (map[string]int64, error) {
	if params[name] == nil {
		return nil, common.ContextError(fmt.Errorf("missing param: %s", name))
	}
	// TODO: can't use common.APIParameters type?
	value, ok := params[name].(map[string]interface{})
	if !ok {
		return nil, common.ContextError(fmt.Errorf("invalid param: %s", name))
	}

	result := make(map[string]int64)
	for k, v := range value {
		numValue, ok := v.(float64)
		if !ok {
			return nil, common.ContextError(fmt.Errorf("invalid param: %s", name))
		}
		result[k] = int64(numValue)
	}

	return result, nil
}

func getStringArrayRequestParam(params common.APIParameters, name string) ([]string, error) {
	if params[name] == nil {
		return nil, common.ContextError(fmt.Errorf("missing param: %s", name))
	}
	value, ok := params[name].([]interface{})
	if !ok {
		return nil, common.ContextError(fmt.Errorf("invalid param: %s", name))
	}

	result := make([]string, len(value))
	for i, v := range value {
		strValue, ok := v.(string)
		if !ok {
			return nil, common.ContextError(fmt.Errorf("invalid param: %s", name))
		}
		result[i] = strValue
	}

	return result, nil
}

// Normalize reported client platform. Android clients, for example, report
// OS version, rooted status, and Google Play build status in the clientPlatform
// string along with "Android".
func normalizeClientPlatform(clientPlatform string) string {

	if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(clientPlatform), strings.ToLower(CLIENT_PLATFORM_ANDROID)) {
		return CLIENT_PLATFORM_ANDROID
	} else if strings.HasPrefix(clientPlatform, CLIENT_PLATFORM_IOS) {
		return CLIENT_PLATFORM_IOS
	}

	return CLIENT_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
}

func isAnyString(config *Config, value string) bool {
	return true
}

func isMobileClientPlatform(clientPlatform string) bool {
	normalizedClientPlatform := normalizeClientPlatform(clientPlatform)
	return normalizedClientPlatform == CLIENT_PLATFORM_ANDROID ||
		normalizedClientPlatform == CLIENT_PLATFORM_IOS
}

// Input validators follow the legacy validations rules in psi_web.

func isServerSecret(config *Config, value string) bool {
	return subtle.ConstantTimeCompare(
		[]byte(value),
		[]byte(config.WebServerSecret)) == 1
}

func isHexDigits(_ *Config, value string) bool {
	// Allows both uppercase in addition to lowercase, for legacy support.
	return -1 == strings.IndexFunc(value, func(c rune) bool {
		return !unicode.Is(unicode.ASCII_Hex_Digit, c)
	})
}

func isDigits(_ *Config, value string) bool {
	return -1 == strings.IndexFunc(value, func(c rune) bool {
		return c < '0' || c > '9'
	})
}

func isIntString(_ *Config, value string) bool {
	_, err := strconv.Atoi(value)
	return err == nil
}

func isClientPlatform(_ *Config, value string) bool {
	return -1 == strings.IndexFunc(value, func(c rune) bool {
		// Note: stricter than psi_web's Python string.whitespace
		return unicode.Is(unicode.White_Space, c)
	})
}

func isRelayProtocol(_ *Config, value string) bool {
	return common.Contains(protocol.SupportedTunnelProtocols, value)
}

func isBooleanFlag(_ *Config, value string) bool {
	return value == "0" || value == "1"
}

func isUpstreamProxyType(_ *Config, value string) bool {
	value = strings.ToLower(value)
	return value == "http" || value == "socks5" || value == "socks4a"
}

func isRegionCode(_ *Config, value string) bool {
	if len(value) != 2 {
		return false
	}
	return -1 == strings.IndexFunc(value, func(c rune) bool {
		return c < 'A' || c > 'Z'
	})
}

func isDialAddress(_ *Config, value string) bool {
	// "<host>:<port>", where <host> is a domain or IP address
	parts := strings.Split(value, ":")
	if len(parts) != 2 {
		return false
	}
	if !isIPAddress(nil, parts[0]) && !isDomain(nil, parts[0]) {
		return false
	}
	if !isDigits(nil, parts[1]) {
		return false
	}
	port, err := strconv.Atoi(parts[1])
	if err != nil {
		return false
	}
	return port > 0 && port < 65536
}

func isIPAddress(_ *Config, value string) bool {
	return net.ParseIP(value) != nil
}

var isDomainRegex = regexp.MustCompile("[a-zA-Z\\d-]{1,63}$")

func isDomain(_ *Config, value string) bool {

	// From: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2532053/validate-a-hostname-string
	//
	// "ensures that each segment
	//    * contains at least one character and a maximum of 63 characters
	//    * consists only of allowed characters
	//    * doesn't begin or end with a hyphen"
	//

	if len(value) > 255 {
		return false
	}
	value = strings.TrimSuffix(value, ".")
	for _, part := range strings.Split(value, ".") {
		// Note: regexp doesn't support the following Perl expression which
		// would check for '-' prefix/suffix: "(?!-)[a-zA-Z\\d-]{1,63}(?<!-)$"
		if strings.HasPrefix(part, "-") || strings.HasSuffix(part, "-") {
			return false
		}
		if !isDomainRegex.Match([]byte(part)) {
			return false
		}
	}
	return true
}

func isHostHeader(_ *Config, value string) bool {
	// "<host>:<port>", where <host> is a domain or IP address and ":<port>" is optional
	if strings.Contains(value, ":") {
		return isDialAddress(nil, value)
	}
	return isIPAddress(nil, value) || isDomain(nil, value)
}

func isServerEntrySource(_ *Config, value string) bool {
	return common.Contains(protocol.SupportedServerEntrySources, value)
}

var isISO8601DateRegex = regexp.MustCompile(
	"(?P<year>[0-9]{4})-(?P<month>[0-9]{1,2})-(?P<day>[0-9]{1,2})T(?P<hour>[0-9]{2}):(?P<minute>[0-9]{2}):(?P<second>[0-9]{2})(\\.(?P<fraction>[0-9]+))?(?P<timezone>Z|(([-+])([0-9]{2}):([0-9]{2})))")

func isISO8601Date(_ *Config, value string) bool {
	return isISO8601DateRegex.Match([]byte(value))
}

func isLastConnected(_ *Config, value string) bool {
	return value == "None" || value == "Unknown" || isISO8601Date(nil, value)
}