psiphon-tunnel-core/psiphon/dataStore.go

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2015, Psiphon Inc.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 *
 */

package psiphon

import (
	"database/sql"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"path/filepath"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	sqlite3 "github.com/Psiphon-Inc/go-sqlite3"
)

type dataStore struct {
	init sync.Once
	db   *sql.DB
}

var singleton dataStore

// InitDataStore initializes the singleton instance of dataStore. This
// function uses a sync.Once and is safe for use by concurrent goroutines.
// The underlying sql.DB connection pool is also safe.
//
// Note: the sync.Once was more useful when initDataStore was private and
// called on-demand by the public functions below. Now we require an explicit
// InitDataStore() call with the filename passed in. The on-demand calls
// have been replaced by checkInitDataStore() to assert that Init was called.
func InitDataStore(config *Config) (err error) {
	singleton.init.Do(func() {
		filename := filepath.Join(config.DataStoreDirectory, DATA_STORE_FILENAME)
		var db *sql.DB
		db, err = sql.Open(
			"sqlite3",
			fmt.Sprintf("file:%s?cache=private&mode=rwc", filename))
		if err != nil {
			// Note: intending to set the err return value for InitDataStore
			err = fmt.Errorf("initDataStore failed to open database: %s", err)
			return
		}
		initialization := "pragma journal_mode=WAL;\n"
		if config.DataStoreTempDirectory != "" {
			// On some platforms (e.g., Android), the standard temporary directories expected
			// by sqlite (see unixGetTempname in aggregate sqlite3.c) may not be present.
			// In that case, sqlite tries to use the current working directory; but this may
			// be "/" (again, on Android) which is not writable.
			// Instead of setting the process current working directory from this library,
			// use the deprecated temp_store_directory pragma to force use of a specified
			// temporary directory: https://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html#pragma_temp_store_directory.
			// TODO: is there another way to restrict writing of temporary files? E.g. temp_store=3?
			initialization += fmt.Sprintf(
				"pragma temp_store_directory=\"%s\";\n", config.DataStoreDirectory)
		}
		initialization += `
        create table if not exists serverEntry
            (id text not null primary key,
             rank integer not null unique,
             region text not null,
             data blob not null);
        create index if not exists idx_serverEntry_region on serverEntry(region);
        create table if not exists serverEntryProtocol
            (serverEntryId text not null,
             protocol text not null,
             primary key (serverEntryId, protocol));
        create table if not exists splitTunnelRoutes
            (region text not null primary key,
             etag text not null,
             data blob not null);
        create table if not exists keyValue
            (key text not null primary key,
             value text not null);
        `
		_, err = db.Exec(initialization)
		if err != nil {
			err = fmt.Errorf("initDataStore failed to initialize: %s", err)
			return
		}
		singleton.db = db
	})
	return err
}

func checkInitDataStore() {
	if singleton.db == nil {
		panic("checkInitDataStore: datastore not initialized")
	}
}

func canRetry(err error) bool {
	sqlError, ok := err.(sqlite3.Error)
	return ok && (sqlError.Code == sqlite3.ErrBusy ||
		sqlError.Code == sqlite3.ErrLocked ||
		sqlError.ExtendedCode == sqlite3.ErrLockedSharedCache ||
		sqlError.ExtendedCode == sqlite3.ErrBusySnapshot)
}

// transactionWithRetry will retry a write transaction if sqlite3
// reports a table is locked by another writer.
func transactionWithRetry(updater func(*sql.Tx) error) error {
	checkInitDataStore()
	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
		if i > 0 {
			// Delay on retry
			time.Sleep(100)
		}
		transaction, err := singleton.db.Begin()
		if err != nil {
			return ContextError(err)
		}
		err = updater(transaction)
		if err != nil {
			transaction.Rollback()
			if canRetry(err) {
				continue
			}
			return ContextError(err)
		}
		err = transaction.Commit()
		if err != nil {
			transaction.Rollback()
			if canRetry(err) {
				continue
			}
			return ContextError(err)
		}
		return nil
	}
	return ContextError(errors.New("retries exhausted"))
}

// serverEntryExists returns true if a serverEntry with the
// given ipAddress id already exists.
func serverEntryExists(transaction *sql.Tx, ipAddress string) (bool, error) {
	query := "select count(*) from serverEntry where id  = ?;"
	var count int
	err := singleton.db.QueryRow(query, ipAddress).Scan(&count)
	if err != nil {
		return false, ContextError(err)
	}
	return count > 0, nil
}

// StoreServerEntry adds the server entry to the data store.
// A newly stored (or re-stored) server entry is assigned the next-to-top
// rank for iteration order (the previous top ranked entry is promoted). The
// purpose of inserting at next-to-top is to keep the last selected server
// as the top ranked server. Note, server candidates are iterated in decending
// rank order, so the largest rank is top rank.
// When replaceIfExists is true, an existing server entry record is
// overwritten; otherwise, the existing record is unchanged.
// If the server entry data is malformed, an alert notice is issued and
// the entry is skipped; no error is returned.
func StoreServerEntry(serverEntry *ServerEntry, replaceIfExists bool) error {

	// Server entries should already be validated before this point,
	// so instead of skipping we fail with an error.
	err := ValidateServerEntry(serverEntry)
	if err != nil {
		return ContextError(errors.New("invalid server entry"))
	}

	return transactionWithRetry(func(transaction *sql.Tx) error {
		serverEntryExists, err := serverEntryExists(transaction, serverEntry.IpAddress)
		if err != nil {
			return ContextError(err)
		}
		if serverEntryExists && !replaceIfExists {
			// Disabling this notice, for now, as it generates too much noise
			// in diagnostics with clients that always submit embedded servers
			// to the core on each run.
			// NoticeInfo("ignored update for server %s", serverEntry.IpAddress)
			return nil
		}
		_, err = transaction.Exec(`
            update serverEntry set rank = rank + 1
                where id = (select id from serverEntry order by rank desc limit 1);
            `)
		if err != nil {
			// Note: ContextError() would break canRetry()
			return err
		}
		data, err := json.Marshal(serverEntry)
		if err != nil {
			return ContextError(err)
		}
		_, err = transaction.Exec(`
            insert or replace into serverEntry (id, rank, region, data)
            values (?, (select coalesce(max(rank)-1, 0) from serverEntry), ?, ?);
            `, serverEntry.IpAddress, serverEntry.Region, data)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		_, err = transaction.Exec(`
            delete from serverEntryProtocol where serverEntryId = ?;
            `, serverEntry.IpAddress)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		for _, protocol := range SupportedTunnelProtocols {
			// Note: for meek, the capabilities are FRONTED-MEEK and UNFRONTED-MEEK
			// and the additonal OSSH service is assumed to be available internally.
			requiredCapability := strings.TrimSuffix(protocol, "-OSSH")
			if Contains(serverEntry.Capabilities, requiredCapability) {
				_, err = transaction.Exec(`
                    insert into serverEntryProtocol (serverEntryId, protocol)
                    values (?, ?);
                    `, serverEntry.IpAddress, protocol)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}
			}
		}
		// TODO: post notice after commit
		if !serverEntryExists {
			NoticeInfo("updated server %s", serverEntry.IpAddress)
		}
		return nil
	})
}

// StoreServerEntries shuffles and stores a list of server entries.
// Shuffling is performed on imported server entrues as part of client-side
// load balancing.
// There is an independent transaction for each entry insert/update.
func StoreServerEntries(serverEntries []*ServerEntry, replaceIfExists bool) error {

	for index := len(serverEntries) - 1; index > 0; index-- {
		swapIndex := rand.Intn(index + 1)
		serverEntries[index], serverEntries[swapIndex] = serverEntries[swapIndex], serverEntries[index]
	}

	for _, serverEntry := range serverEntries {
		err := StoreServerEntry(serverEntry, replaceIfExists)
		if err != nil {
			return ContextError(err)
		}
	}

	// Since there has possibly been a significant change in the server entries,
	// take this opportunity to update the available egress regions.
	ReportAvailableRegions()

	return nil
}

// PromoteServerEntry assigns the top rank (one more than current
// max rank) to the specified server entry. Server candidates are
// iterated in decending rank order, so this server entry will be
// the first candidate in a subsequent tunnel establishment.
func PromoteServerEntry(ipAddress string) error {
	return transactionWithRetry(func(transaction *sql.Tx) error {
		_, err := transaction.Exec(`
            update serverEntry
            set rank = (select MAX(rank)+1 from serverEntry)
            where id = ?;
            `, ipAddress)
		if err != nil {
			// Note: ContextError() would break canRetry()
			return err
		}
		return nil
	})
}

// ServerEntryIterator is used to iterate over
// stored server entries in rank order.
type ServerEntryIterator struct {
	region                      string
	protocol                    string
	shuffleHeadLength           int
	transaction                 *sql.Tx
	cursor                      *sql.Rows
	isTargetServerEntryIterator bool
	hasNextTargetServerEntry    bool
	targetServerEntry           *ServerEntry
}

// NewServerEntryIterator creates a new NewServerEntryIterator
func NewServerEntryIterator(config *Config) (iterator *ServerEntryIterator, err error) {

	// When configured, this target server entry is the only candidate
	if config.TargetServerEntry != "" {
		return newTargetServerEntryIterator(config)
	}

	checkInitDataStore()
	iterator = &ServerEntryIterator{
		region:                      config.EgressRegion,
		protocol:                    config.TunnelProtocol,
		shuffleHeadLength:           config.TunnelPoolSize,
		isTargetServerEntryIterator: false,
	}
	err = iterator.Reset()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return iterator, nil
}

// newTargetServerEntryIterator is a helper for initializing the TargetServerEntry case
func newTargetServerEntryIterator(config *Config) (iterator *ServerEntryIterator, err error) {
	serverEntry, err := DecodeServerEntry(config.TargetServerEntry)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if config.EgressRegion != "" && serverEntry.Region != config.EgressRegion {
		return nil, errors.New("TargetServerEntry does not support EgressRegion")
	}
	if config.TunnelProtocol != "" {
		// Note: same capability/protocol mapping as in StoreServerEntry
		requiredCapability := strings.TrimSuffix(config.TunnelProtocol, "-OSSH")
		if !Contains(serverEntry.Capabilities, requiredCapability) {
			return nil, errors.New("TargetServerEntry does not support TunnelProtocol")
		}
	}
	iterator = &ServerEntryIterator{
		isTargetServerEntryIterator: true,
		hasNextTargetServerEntry:    true,
		targetServerEntry:           serverEntry,
	}
	NoticeInfo("using TargetServerEntry: %s", serverEntry.IpAddress)
	return iterator, nil
}

// Reset a NewServerEntryIterator to the start of its cycle. The next
// call to Next will return the first server entry.
func (iterator *ServerEntryIterator) Reset() error {
	iterator.Close()

	if iterator.isTargetServerEntryIterator {
		iterator.hasNextTargetServerEntry = true
		return nil
	}

	count := CountServerEntries(iterator.region, iterator.protocol)
	NoticeCandidateServers(iterator.region, iterator.protocol, count)

	transaction, err := singleton.db.Begin()
	if err != nil {
		return ContextError(err)
	}
	var cursor *sql.Rows

	// This query implements the Psiphon server candidate selection
	// algorithm: the first TunnelPoolSize server candidates are in rank
	// (priority) order, to favor previously successful servers; then the
	// remaining long tail is shuffled to raise up less recent candidates.

	whereClause, whereParams := makeServerEntryWhereClause(
		iterator.region, iterator.protocol, nil)
	headLength := iterator.shuffleHeadLength
	queryFormat := `
		select data from serverEntry %s
		order by case
		when rank > coalesce((select rank from serverEntry %s order by rank desc limit ?, 1), -1) then rank
		else abs(random())%%((select rank from serverEntry %s order by rank desc limit ?, 1))
		end desc;`
	query := fmt.Sprintf(queryFormat, whereClause, whereClause, whereClause)
	params := make([]interface{}, 0)
	params = append(params, whereParams...)
	params = append(params, whereParams...)
	params = append(params, headLength)
	params = append(params, whereParams...)
	params = append(params, headLength)

	cursor, err = transaction.Query(query, params...)
	if err != nil {
		transaction.Rollback()
		return ContextError(err)
	}
	iterator.transaction = transaction
	iterator.cursor = cursor
	return nil
}

// Close cleans up resources associated with a ServerEntryIterator.
func (iterator *ServerEntryIterator) Close() {
	if iterator.cursor != nil {
		iterator.cursor.Close()
	}
	iterator.cursor = nil
	if iterator.transaction != nil {
		iterator.transaction.Rollback()
	}
	iterator.transaction = nil
}

// Next returns the next server entry, by rank, for a ServerEntryIterator.
// Returns nil with no error when there is no next item.
func (iterator *ServerEntryIterator) Next() (serverEntry *ServerEntry, err error) {
	defer func() {
		if err != nil {
			iterator.Close()
		}
	}()

	if iterator.isTargetServerEntryIterator {
		if iterator.hasNextTargetServerEntry {
			iterator.hasNextTargetServerEntry = false
			return MakeCompatibleServerEntry(iterator.targetServerEntry), nil
		}
		return nil, nil
	}

	if !iterator.cursor.Next() {
		err = iterator.cursor.Err()
		if err != nil {
			return nil, ContextError(err)
		}
		// There is no next item
		return nil, nil
	}

	var data []byte
	err = iterator.cursor.Scan(&data)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, ContextError(err)
	}
	serverEntry = new(ServerEntry)
	err = json.Unmarshal(data, serverEntry)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, ContextError(err)
	}

	return MakeCompatibleServerEntry(serverEntry), nil
}

// MakeCompatibleServerEntry provides backwards compatibility with old server entries
// which have a single meekFrontingDomain and not a meekFrontingAddresses array.
// By copying this one meekFrontingDomain into meekFrontingAddresses, this client effectively
// uses that single value as legacy clients do.
func MakeCompatibleServerEntry(serverEntry *ServerEntry) *ServerEntry {
	if len(serverEntry.MeekFrontingAddresses) == 0 && serverEntry.MeekFrontingDomain != "" {
		serverEntry.MeekFrontingAddresses =
			append(serverEntry.MeekFrontingAddresses, serverEntry.MeekFrontingDomain)
	}

	return serverEntry
}

func makeServerEntryWhereClause(
	region, protocol string, excludeIds []string) (whereClause string, whereParams []interface{}) {
	whereClause = ""
	whereParams = make([]interface{}, 0)
	if region != "" {
		whereClause += " where region = ?"
		whereParams = append(whereParams, region)
	}
	if protocol != "" {
		if len(whereClause) > 0 {
			whereClause += " and"
		} else {
			whereClause += " where"
		}
		whereClause +=
			" exists (select 1 from serverEntryProtocol where protocol = ? and serverEntryId = serverEntry.id)"
		whereParams = append(whereParams, protocol)
	}
	if len(excludeIds) > 0 {
		if len(whereClause) > 0 {
			whereClause += " and"
		} else {
			whereClause += " where"
		}
		whereClause += " id in ("
		for index, id := range excludeIds {
			if index > 0 {
				whereClause += ", "
			}
			whereClause += "?"
			whereParams = append(whereParams, id)
		}
		whereClause += ")"
	}
	return whereClause, whereParams
}

// CountServerEntries returns a count of stored servers for the
// specified region and protocol.
func CountServerEntries(region, protocol string) int {
	checkInitDataStore()
	var count int
	whereClause, whereParams := makeServerEntryWhereClause(region, protocol, nil)
	query := "select count(*) from serverEntry" + whereClause
	err := singleton.db.QueryRow(query, whereParams...).Scan(&count)

	if err != nil {
		NoticeAlert("CountServerEntries failed: %s", err)
		return 0
	}

	if region == "" {
		region = "(any)"
	}
	if protocol == "" {
		protocol = "(any)"
	}
	NoticeInfo("servers for region %s and protocol %s: %d",
		region, protocol, count)

	return count
}

// ReportAvailableRegions prints a notice with the available egress regions.
func ReportAvailableRegions() {
	checkInitDataStore()

	// TODO: For consistency, regions-per-protocol should be used

	rows, err := singleton.db.Query("select distinct(region) from serverEntry;")
	if err != nil {
		NoticeAlert("failed to query data store for available regions: %s", ContextError(err))
		return
	}
	defer rows.Close()

	var regions []string

	for rows.Next() {
		var region string
		err = rows.Scan(&region)
		if err != nil {
			NoticeAlert("failed to retrieve available regions from data store: %s", ContextError(err))
			return
		}

		// Some server entries do not have a region, but it makes no sense to return
		// an empty string as an "available region".
		if (region != "") {
			regions = append(regions, region)
		}
	}

	NoticeAvailableEgressRegions(regions)
}

// GetServerEntryIpAddresses returns an array containing
// all stored server IP addresses.
func GetServerEntryIpAddresses() (ipAddresses []string, err error) {
	checkInitDataStore()
	ipAddresses = make([]string, 0)
	rows, err := singleton.db.Query("select id from serverEntry;")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, ContextError(err)
	}
	defer rows.Close()
	for rows.Next() {
		var ipAddress string
		err = rows.Scan(&ipAddress)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, ContextError(err)
		}
		ipAddresses = append(ipAddresses, ipAddress)
	}
	if err = rows.Err(); err != nil {
		return nil, ContextError(err)
	}
	return ipAddresses, nil
}

// SetSplitTunnelRoutes updates the cached routes data for
// the given region. The associated etag is also stored and
// used to make efficient web requests for updates to the data.
func SetSplitTunnelRoutes(region, etag string, data []byte) error {
	return transactionWithRetry(func(transaction *sql.Tx) error {
		_, err := transaction.Exec(`
            insert or replace into splitTunnelRoutes (region, etag, data)
            values (?, ?, ?);
            `, region, etag, data)
		if err != nil {
			// Note: ContextError() would break canRetry()
			return err
		}
		return nil
	})
}

// GetSplitTunnelRoutesETag retrieves the etag for cached routes
// data for the specified region. If not found, it returns an empty string value.
func GetSplitTunnelRoutesETag(region string) (etag string, err error) {
	checkInitDataStore()
	rows := singleton.db.QueryRow("select etag from splitTunnelRoutes where region = ?;", region)
	err = rows.Scan(&etag)
	if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
		return "", nil
	}
	if err != nil {
		return "", ContextError(err)
	}
	return etag, nil
}

// GetSplitTunnelRoutesData retrieves the cached routes data
// for the specified region. If not found, it returns a nil value.
func GetSplitTunnelRoutesData(region string) (data []byte, err error) {
	checkInitDataStore()
	rows := singleton.db.QueryRow("select data from splitTunnelRoutes where region = ?;", region)
	err = rows.Scan(&data)
	if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
		return nil, nil
	}
	if err != nil {
		return nil, ContextError(err)
	}
	return data, nil
}

// SetKeyValue stores a key/value pair.
func SetKeyValue(key, value string) error {
	return transactionWithRetry(func(transaction *sql.Tx) error {
		_, err := transaction.Exec(`
            insert or replace into keyValue (key, value)
            values (?, ?);
            `, key, value)
		if err != nil {
			// Note: ContextError() would break canRetry()
			return err
		}
		return nil
	})
}

// GetKeyValue retrieves the value for a given key. If not found,
// it returns an empty string value.
func GetKeyValue(key string) (value string, err error) {
	checkInitDataStore()
	rows := singleton.db.QueryRow("select value from keyValue where key = ?;", key)
	err = rows.Scan(&value)
	if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
		return "", nil
	}
	if err != nil {
		return "", ContextError(err)
	}
	return value, nil
}